Curable compositions, articles therefrom, and methods of making and using same

ABSTRACT

A curable composition includes a first part comprising an epoxy resin; and a second part comprising a multifunctional, functional thiol containing compound. The curable composition further includes an inorganic filler present in an amount of at least 20 weight %, based on the total weight of the curable composition. The multifunctional, functional thiol containing compound comprises an ether in the backbone thereof.

FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to curable compositions that include an epoxy composition and a thiol composition. The curable compositions may be used, for example, as thermally conductive gap fillers, which may be suitable for use in electronic applications such as battery assemblies.

BACKGROUND

Curable compositions based on epoxy or polyamide resins have been disclosed in the art. Such curable compositions are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 9,926,405, U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2013/0165600, and EP Patent 1291390.

SUMMARY

In some embodiments, a curable composition is provided. The composition includes a first part comprising an epoxy resin; and a second part comprising a multifunctional, functional thiol containing compound. The curable composition further includes an inorganic filler present in an amount of at least 20 weight %, based on the total weight of the curable composition. The multifunctional, functional thiol containing compound comprises an ether in the backbone thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the assembly of an exemplary battery module according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates the assembled battery module corresponding to FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 illustrates the assembly of an exemplary battery subunit according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Thermal management plays an important role in many electronics applications such as, for example, electric vehicle (EV) battery assembly, power electronics, electronic packaging, LED, solar cells, electric grid, and the like. Certain thermally conductive materials (e.g., adhesives) may be an attractive option for these applications due to good electrical insulative properties, feasibility in processing for integrated parts or complex geometries, and good conformability/wettability to different surfaces, especially the ability to efficiently dissipate the heat away while having good adhesion to different substrates for assembly.

Regarding applications in EV battery assemblies, currently, one such application that utilizes a thermally conductive material is the gap filler application. Generally, requirements for the gap filler application include high thermally conductivity, good overlap shear adhesion strength, good tensile strength, good elongation at break for toughness, and damping performance, and good hydrolytic stability, in addition to having low viscosity before curing. However, to achieve high thermal conductivity, typically, a large amount of inorganic thermally conductive filler is added to the composition. The high loading of thermally conductive fillers, however, has a deleterious impact on adhesion performance, toughness, damping performance, and viscosity.

Furthermore, compositions useful for the gap filler application should have relatively fast curing profiles to accommodate the automated processing requirements of the industry. For example, thermally conductive materials that attain adequate green strength after room temperature cure of about 10 minutes or less may be particularly advantageous.

A filled curable composition that includes an epoxy resin, a polyamide composition, an amino functional compound, and a multi-functional (meth)acrylate provides many of the above discussed attributes but does not provide, in some applications, sufficient hydrolytic stability. Another filled curable composition that includes an epoxy composition and a polyamide composition, the polyamide composition including a polyamide having one or more tertiary amides in the backbone thereof, also provides many of the above discussed attributes but does not provide, in some applications, sufficient green strength.

In order to solve the above-discussed problems associated with high loadings of inorganic thermally conductive filler, a curable composition providing a good balance of the above discussed desired properties has been discovered that includes an epoxy composition and a thiol composition. Specifically, in addition to exhibiting all of the desired attributes discussed above, the curable compositions of the present disclosure also exhibit good hydrolytic stability and green strength.

As used herein:

The term “room temperature” refers to a temperature of 22° C. to 25° C.

The terms “cure” and “curable” refer to joining polymer chains together by covalent chemical bonds, usually via crosslinking molecules or groups, to form a network polymer. Therefore, in this disclosure the terms “cured” and “crosslinked” may be used interchangeably. A cured or crosslinked polymer is generally characterized by insolubility, but may be swellable in the presence of an appropriate solvent.

The term “unfilled” when used in connection with a component or a composition refers to all the materials that make up that component or composition except for inorganic fillers (e.g., thermally conductive fillers).

The term “backbone” refers to the main continuous chain of a polymer.

The term “aliphatic” refers to C1-C40, suitably C1-C30, straight or branched chain alkenyl, alkyl, or alkynyl which may or may not be interrupted or substituted by one or more heteroatoms such as O, N, or S.

The term “cycloaliphatic” refers to cyclized aliphatic C3-C30, suitably C3-C20, groups and includes those interrupted by one or more heteroatoms such as O, N, or S.

The term “alkyl” refers to a monovalent group that is a radical of an alkane and includes straight-chain, branched, cyclic, and bicyclic alkyl groups, and combinations thereof, including both unsubstituted and substituted alkyl groups. Unless otherwise indicated, the alkyl groups typically contain from 1 to 30 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl groups contain 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Examples of “alkyl” groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, isopropyl, n-octyl, n-heptyl, ethylhexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, and the like.

The term “alkylene” refers to a divalent group that is a radical of an alkane and includes groups that are linear, branched, cyclic, bicyclic, or a combination thereof. Unless otherwise indicated, the alkylene group typically has 1 to 30 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkylene group has 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of “alkylene” groups include methylene, ethylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,4-butylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, and 1,4-cyclohexyldimethylene.

The term “aromatic” refers to C3-C40, suitably C3-C30, aromatic groups including both carbocyclic aromatic groups as well as heterocyclic aromatic groups containing one or more of the heteroatoms, O, N, or S, and fused ring systems containing one or more of these aromatic groups fused together.

The term “aryl” refers to a monovalent group that is aromatic and, optionally, carbocyclic. The aryl has at least one aromatic ring. Any additional rings can be unsaturated, partially saturated, saturated, or aromatic. Optionally, the aromatic ring can have one or more additional carbocyclic rings that are fused to the aromatic ring. Unless otherwise indicated, the aryl groups typically contain from 6 to 30 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the aryl groups contain 6 to 20, 6 to 18, 6 to 16, 6 to 12, or 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples of an aryl group include phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, phenanthryl, and anthracyl.

The term “arylene” refers to a divalent group that is aromatic and, optionally, carbocyclic. The arylene has at least one aromatic ring. Optionally, the aromatic ring can have one or more additional carbocyclic rings that are fused to the aromatic ring. Any additional rings can be unsaturated, partially saturated, or saturated. Unless otherwise specified, arylene groups often have 6 to 20 carbon atoms, 6 to 18 carbon atoms, 6 to 16 carbon atoms, 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or 6 to 10 carbon atoms.

The term “aralkyl” refers to a monovalent group that is an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group (e.g., as in a benzyl group). The term “alkaryl” refers to a monovalent group that is an aryl substituted with an alkyl group (e.g., as in a tolyl group). Unless otherwise indicated, for both groups, the alkyl portion often has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms and an aryl portion often has 6 to 20 carbon atoms, 6 to 18 carbon atoms, 6 to 16 carbon atoms, 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or 6 to 10 carbon atoms.

Repeated use of reference characters in the specification is intended to represent the same or analogous features or elements of the disclosure. As used herein, the word “between”, as applied to numerical ranges, includes the endpoints of the ranges, unless otherwise specified. The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers within that range (e.g. 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, and 5) and any range within that range.

It should be understood that numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled in the art, which fall within the scope and spirit of the principles of the disclosure. All scientific and technical terms used herein have meanings commonly used in the art unless otherwise specified. The definitions provided herein are to facilitate understanding of certain terms used frequently herein and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” encompass embodiments having plural referents, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a highly filler loaded thermally conductive curable composition formulated by blending an epoxy composition and a thiol composition.

In some embodiments, the epoxy compositions may include one or more epoxy resins. Suitable epoxy resins may include aromatic polyepoxide resins (e.g., a chain-extended diepoxide or novolac epoxy resin having at least two epoxide groups), aromatic monomeric diepoxides, aliphatic polyepoxide, ormonomeric diepoxides. A crosslinkable epoxy resin typically will have at least two epoxy end groups. The aromatic polyepoxide or aromatic monomeric diepoxide typically contains at least one (in some embodiments, at least 2, in some embodiments, in a range from 1 to 4) aromatic ring that is optionally substituted by a halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo), alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl or ethyl), or hydroxyalkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g., hydroxymethyl). For epoxy resins containing two or more aromatic rings, the rings may be connected, for example, by a branched or straight-chain alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms that may optionally be substituted by halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo).

In some embodiments, examples of aromatic epoxy resins useful in the epoxy compositions disclosed herein may include novolac epoxy resins (e.g., phenol novolacs, ortho-, meta-, or para-cresol novolacs or combinations thereof), bisphenol epoxy resins (e.g., bisphenol A, bisphenol F, halogenated bisphenol epoxies, and combinations thereof), resorcinol epoxy resins, tetrakis phenylolethane epoxy resins and combinations of any of these.

In some embodiments, useful epoxy compounds include diglycidyl ethers of difunctional phenolic compounds (e.g., p,p′-dihydroxydibenzyl, p,p′-dihydroxydiphenyl, p,p′-dihydroxyphenyl sulfone, p,p′-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1-dinaphthylmethane, and the 2,2′, 2,3′, 2,4′, 3,3′, 3,4′, and 4,4′ isomers of dihydroxydiphenylmethane, dihydroxydiphenyldimethylmethane, dihydroxydiphenylethylmethylmethane, dihydroxydiphenylmethylpropylmethane, dihydroxydiphenylethylphenylmethane, dihydroxydiphenylpropylphenylmethane, dihydroxydiphenylbutylphenylmethane, dihydroxydiphenyltolylethane, dihydroxydiphenyltolylmethylmethane, dihydroxydiphenyldicyclohexylmethane, and dihydroxydiphenylcyclohexane.) In some embodiments, the adhesive includes a bisphenol diglycidyl ether, wherein the bisphenol (i.e., —O—C₆H₅—CH₂—C₆H₅—O—) may be unsubstituted (e.g., bisphenol F), or either of the phenyl rings or the methylene group may be substituted by one or more halogens (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo), methyl groups, trifluoromethyl groups, or hydroxymethyl groups.

In some embodiments, examples of aromatic monomeric diepoxides useful in the epoxy compositions according to the present disclosure include the diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A and bisphenol F and mixtures thereof. Bisphenol epoxy resins, for example, may be chain extended to have any desirable epoxy equivalent weight. Chain extending epoxy resins can be carried out by reacting a monomeric diepoxide, for example, with a bisphenol in the presence of a catalyst to make a linear polymer. Other aromatic epoxy resins may include difunctional epoxy resins that have a polysulfide polymer backbone such as block coplymer of Thiokol LP and bisphenol F epoxy resin (e.g. FLEP-60 available from Toray Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.

In some embodiments, the aromatic epoxy resin (e.g., either a bisphenol epoxy resin or a novolac epoxy resin) may have an epoxy equivalent weight of at least 150, 170, 200, or 225 grams per equivalent. In some embodiments, the aromatic epoxy resin may have an epoxy equivalent weight of up to 2000, 1500, or 1000 grams per equivalent. In some embodiments, the aromatic epoxy resin may have an epoxy equivalent weight in a range from 150 to 2000, 150 to 1000, or 170 to 900 grams per equivalent. In some embodiments, the first epoxy resin has an epoxy equivalent weight in a range from 150 to 450, 150 to 350, or 150 to 300 grams per equivalent. Epoxy equivalent weights may be selected, for example, so that the epoxy resin may be used as a liquid or solid, as desired.

In some embodiments, in addition or as an alternative to aromatic epoxy resins, the epoxy resins of the present disclosure may include one or more non-aromatic epoxy resins. In some cases, non-aromatic epoxy resins can be useful as reactive diluents that may help control the flow characteristics of the compositions. Non-aromatic epoxy resins useful in the curable compositions according to the present disclosure can include a branched or straight-chain alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms optionally interrupted with at least one —O— and optionally substituted by hydroxyl. In some embodiments, the non-aromatic epoxy can include a poly(oxyalkylene) group having a plurality (x) of oxyalkylene groups, OR¹, wherein each IV is independently C₂ to C₅ alkylene, in some embodiments, C₂ to C₃ alkylene, x is 2 to about 6, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 2 to 3. To become crosslinked into a network, useful non-aromatic epoxy resins will typically have at least two epoxy end groups. Examples of useful non-aromatic epoxy resins include glycidyl epoxy resins such as those based on diglycidyl ether compounds comprising one or more oxyalkylene units. Examples of these include resins made from ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, propylene glycol diglycidyl ether, diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, dipropylene glycol diglycidyl ether, polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, glycerol triglycidyl ether, propanediol diglycidyl ether, butanediol diglycidyl ether, and hexanediol diglycidyl ether. Other useful non-aromatic epoxy resins include a diglycidyl ether of cyclohexane dimethanol, a diglycidyl ether of neopentyl glycol, a triglycidyl ether of trimethylolpropane, and a diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butanediol. Crosslinked aromatic epoxies (that is, epoxy polymers) as described herein can be understood to be preparable by crosslinking aromatic epoxy resins. The crosslinked aromatic epoxy typically contains a repeating unit with at least one (in some embodiments, at least 2, in some embodiments, in a range from 1 to 4) aromatic ring (e.g., phenyl group) that is optionally substituted by one or more halogens (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo), alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl or ethyl), or hydroxyalkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g., hydroxymethyl). For repeating units containing two or more aromatic rings, the rings may be connected, for example, by a branched or straight-chain alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms that may optionally be substituted by halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo).

In some embodiments, the epoxy resins of the present disclosure may be liquid at room temperature. Several curable epoxy resins useful in the epoxy compositions according to the present disclosure may be commercially available. For example, several epoxy resins of various classes and epoxy equivalent weights are available from Olin Corporation, Clayton Mo.; Hexion Inc., Columbus, Ohio; Huntsman Advanced Materials, The Woodlands, Tex.; CVC Specialty Chemicals Inc. Akron, Ohio (acquired by Emerald Performance Materials); and Nan Ya Plastics Corporation, Taipei City, Taiwan. Examples of commercially available glycidyl ethers include diglycidylethers of bisphenol A (e.g. those available under the trade designations “EPON 828”, “EPON 1001”, “EPON 1310” and “EPON 1510” from Hexion Inc. Columbus Ohio, those available under the trade designation “D.E.R.” from Olin Corporation (e.g., D.E.R. 331, 332, and 334), those available under the trade designation “EPICLON” from Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc. (e.g., EPICLON 840 and 850) and those available under the trade designation “YL-980” from Japan Epoxy Resins Co., Ltd.); diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol F (e.g. those available under the trade designation “EPICLON” from Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc. (e.g., “EPICLON 830”)); polyglycidyl ethers of novolac resins (e.g., novolac epoxy resins, such as those available under the trade designation “D.E.N.” from Olin Corporation. (e.g., D.E.N. 425, 431, and 438)); and flame retardant epoxy resins (e.g., “D.E.R. 560”, a brominated bisphenol type epoxy resin available from Olin Corporation). Examples of commercially available non-aromatic epoxy resins include the glycidyl ether of cyclohexane dimethanol, available from Hexion Inc., under the trade designation “HELOXY MODIFIER 107”.

In some embodiments, aromatic epoxy resins useful in the epoxy compositions disclosed herein may include a flexible bisphenol A, bisphenol F, or bisphenol Z epoxy resin represented by the following structural formula:

where Ar is an aromatic group (which can include bisphenol A, bisphenol F, or bisphenol Z) having from 10 to 20 carbon atoms and from 0 to 5 substituents selected from aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, ether groups, or combinations thereof.

Examples of suitable aromatic epoxy resins include those available under the trade designation ARALDITE PY-4122 available from Huntsman (Woodlands, Tex.), SE-4125P available from SHIN-A T&C and Epon 872 available from Hexion (Columbus, Ohio).

In some embodiments, the epoxy compositions of the present disclosure may include epoxy resin in an amount of between 5 wt. % and 40 wt. %, 10 wt. % and 30 wt. %, 15 wt. % and 30 wt. %, or 20 wt. % and 30 wt. % (or may be even higher (up to 95%, 99%, or 100%) for curable compositions that do not include fillers), based on the total weight of the epoxy composition. In some embodiments, the epoxy compositions of the present disclosure may include epoxy resin in an amount of at least 10 wt. %, at least 20 wt. %, at least 30 wt. %, at least 40 wt. %, or at least 50 wt. %, based on the total weight of the epoxy composition.

In some embodiments, the thiol composition may include one or more multifunctional, functional thiol containing compounds. As used herein, a thiol refers to an organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl or mercapto (—C—SH) group. In some embodiments, the multifunctional, functional thiol containing compounds may include at least two functional thiols. In some embodiements, one or more of the functional thiols in the multifunctional, functional thiol containing compounds may be a terminal thiol. In some embodiments, the multifunctional, functional thiol containing compounds may include an ether in the backbone thereof. In some embodiments, in additional to functional thiols, the multifunctional, functional thiol containing compounds may include, for example, one or more alcohol or amine functional functional groups. In some embodiments, the multifunctional, functional thiol can be a di-functional thiol, tri-functional thiol, tetra-functional thiol, or a polyfunctional thiol.

In some embodiments, the multifunctional, functional thiol containing compounds may include a compound represented by the following structural formula:

where R is a aliphatic hydrocarbon having from 3 to 11 or 5 to 9 carbon atoms, n is 0 to 20 or 1 to 10, and m is 2 to 4, or 2 to 3.

In some embodiments, the multifunctional, functional thiol containing compounds may include a compound represented by the following structural formula:

where each R1, R2 and R3 is, independently, an alkyl groups having 1 to 4 or 1 to 3 carbon atoms or hydrogen, and n is 0 to 20 or 1 to 10.

Examples of suitable commercially available multifunctional, functional thiol containing compounds include those available under the trade designation GPM-800LO, GPM-800 and Capcure 3-800 available from Gabriel Chemical (Akron, Ohio), and tetra(ethylene glycol)dithiol, DMDO (1,8-Dimercapto-3,6-dioxaoctane) from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, Mo.).

In some embodiments, the multifunctional, functional thiol containing compounds may be used alone or as a mixture of two or multiple different thiol-functionalized compounds. In some embodiments, the multifunctional, functional thiol containing compounds of the thiol composition may be liquid (e.g., a viscous liquid having a viscosity of about 500-50,000 cP) at room temperature.

In some embodiments, the epoxy and thiol compositions may be present in the curable compositions based on stoichiometric ratios of the functional groups of the respective components. Employing such relative amounts may be advantageous in that it can reduce the amount of residual unreacted thiol or epoxy in the cured composition, which residual components can migrate or provide environmental or health challenges.

In some embodiments, the curable compositions of the present disclosure may be provided (e.g., packaged) as a two-part composition, in which a first part includes the epoxy composition (hereinafter “the first part”) and a second part includes the thiol composition (hereinafter “the second part”). In some embodiments, the first part may include epoxy resin in an amount of at least 50 wt. %, at least 60 wt. %, or at least 68 wt. %; or between 50 and 90 wt. %, between 60 and 80 wt. %, or between 65 and 70 wt. %, based on the total weight of the unfilled first part. In some embodiments, the second part may include multifunctional, functional thiol containing compounds in an amount of at least 50 wt. %, at least 60 wt. %, at least 70 wt. %, or at least 76 wt %; or between 50 and 90 wt. %, between 65 and 88 wt. %, or between 73 and 78 wt. %, based on the total weight of the unfilled second part. In some embodiments, the curable composition may include epoxy resin in an amount of at least 20 wt. %, at least 30 wt. %, or at least 35 wt. %; or between 20 and 60 wt. %, between 35 and 45 wt. %, or between 37 and 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the unfilled curable composition. In some embodiments, the curable composition may include multifunctional, functional thiol containing compounds in an amount of at least 10 wt. %, at least 20 wt. %, or at least 30 wt. %; or between 20 and 60 wt. %, between 35 and 45 wt. %, or between 33 and 35 wt. %, based on the total weight of the unfilled curable composition.

In addition to the above-described materials, the first part and the second part may, independently, include one or more additives such as inorganic fillers, coupling agents, tougheners, dispersants, catalysts, antioxidants, and the like, which are described in further detail below. The present disclosure further provides a dispenser comprising a first chamber and a second chamber. The first chamber comprises the first part and the second chamber comprises the second part.

In some embodiments, the curable compositions may include one or more inorganic fillers (e.g. thermally conductive inorganic fillers). Inorganic fillers may be provided to the curable compositions via the first part, the second part, both parts, or following mixing of the first and second parts. Generally, the selection and loading levels of the inorganic fillers may be used to control the thermal conductivity of the curable composition. In some embodiments, inorganic filler loadings may be at least 20 vol. %, at least 30 vol. %, at least 40 vol. %, at least 50 vol. %, at least 60 vol. %, at least 70 vol. %, at least 80 vol. %, based on the total volume of any or all of the epoxy composition, the thiol composition, or the curable composition. In some embodiments, inorganic filler loadings may be between 20 and 90 vol. %, between 30 and 80 vol. %, between 50 and 70 vol. %, or between 60 and 65 vol. %, based on the total volume of any or all of the epoxy composition, the thiol composition, or the curable composition.

Generally, any known thermally conductive fillers may be used, although electrically insulating fillers may be preferred where breakthrough voltage is a concern. Suitable electrically insulating, thermally conductive fillers include ceramics such as oxides, hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, silicates, borides, carbides, and nitrides. Suitable ceramic fillers include, e.g., silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum trihydroxide (ATH), boron nitride, silicon carbide, and beryllium oxide. In some embodiments, the thermally conductive filler includes ATH. It is to be appreciated that while ATH is not generally used in the polyurethane based compositions commonly employed in thermal management materials because of its reactivity with isocyanate species and the resultant formulation difficulties, the curable compositions of the present disclosure are able to incorporate such inorganic fillers without drawback. Other thermally conducting fillers include carbon-based materials such as graphite and metals such as aluminum and copper.

Thermally conductive filler particles are available in numerous shapes, e.g. spheres, irregular, platelike, & acicular. Through-plane thermal conductivity may be important in certain applications. Therefore, in some embodiments, generally symmetrical (e.g., spherical or semi-spherical) fillers may be employed. To facilitate dispersion and increase filler loading, in some embodiments, the thermally conductive fillers may be surface-treated or coated. Generally, any known surface treatments and coatings may be suitable, including those based on silane, titanate, zirconate, aluminate, and organic acid chemistries. For powder handling purposes, many fillers are available as polycrystalline agglomerates or aggregates with or without binder. To facilitate high thermal conductivity formulations, some embodiments may include mixtures of particles and agglomerates in various size and mixtures.

In some embodiments, the curable compositions of the present disclosure may include one or more silane coupling agents. Silane coupling agents were discovered to meaningfully improve overlap shear strength, after aging, of the cured curable compositions. In some embodiments, silane coupling agents may be provided to the curable compositions via the first part, the second part, both parts, or following mixing of the first and second parts. Sutiable silane coupling agents may include silane thiols, silane amines (e.g., silane secondary amines), or silane epoxies.

In some embodiments, suitable silane coupling agents may include those described in E. P. Plueddemann, Silane Coupling Agents, 2nd ed., Springer US, New York, 1991, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, suitable silane coupling agents may be described as organosilicone compounds having two functional groups with different reactivity—one of the two functional groups reacts with inorganic materials and the other generally reacts with organic materials. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agents may have the following general structural formula:

where Y is a functional group that is compatable with, or links with, organic materials, e.g. a vinyl, epoxy, amino, thiol, isocyanate group, or the like; R is an aliphatic group (typically, an aliphatic group having from 2-6 carbon atoms); and X is a functional group that undergoes hydrolysis by water or moisture to form silanol (e.g., a chlorine, alkoxy, or acetoxy group), and n is 1-3 or 1-2.

Example of suitable silane coupling agents including 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, 5,6-epoxyhexyltriethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, gamma-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, mercaptoproyltriethoxysilane, s-(octanoyl)mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, hydroxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyltriethoxysilane, N-(n-butyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the first part may include a silane epoxy and the second part may include either or both of a silane thiol and a silane amine.

In some embodiments, silane coupling agents may be present in the curable composition in an amount of at least 0.1 wt. %, at least 10 wt. %, or at least 15 wt. %; or between 0.1 and 60 wt. %, between 9 and 20 wt. %, or between 14 and 17 wt. %, based on the total weight of the unfilled curable composition. In some embodiments, silane coupling agents may be present in the first part in an amount of at least 0.1 wt. %, at least 15 wt. %, or at least 20 wt. %; or between 50 and 90 wt. %, between 60 and 80 wt. %, or between 65 and 70 wt. %, based on the total weight of the unfilled first part. In some embodiments, silane coupling agents may be present in the second part in an amount of at least 0.1 wt. %, at least 5 wt. %, or at least 10 wt. %; or between 0.1 and 40 wt. %, between 5 and 16 wt. %, or between 9 and 11 wt. %, based on the total weight of the unfilled second part.

In some embodiments, the curable compositions according to the present disclosure may include one or more catalysts. Generally, the catalysts may act to accelerate the cure of the curable composition. Suitable catalysts according to the present disclosure may include basic catalysts, Lewis acid catalysts, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the suitbale basic catalyst may include nitrogen-containing catalysts. In some embodiments, the nitrogen-containing catalysts may include amine-containing catalysts. In some embodiments, the amine-containing catalysts may include at least two groups of formula-NR¹R², where R¹ and R² are, independently, selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, or aralkyl. Suitable alkyl groups often have 1 to 12 carbon atoms, 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The alkyl group can be cyclic, branched, linear, or a combination thereof. Suitable aryl group usually have 6 to 12 carbon atoms such as a phenyl or biphenyl group. Suitable alkylaryl group can include the same aryl and alkyl groups discussed above. In some embodiments, the amine-containing catalysts may be an imidazole, an imidazole-salt, and imidazoline, or a combination thereof. Aromatic tertiary amines may also used as a catlyst, including those having the structure formula:

Where R⁴ is hydrogen or an alkyl group; R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are, independently, hydrogen or CHNR⁸R⁹, wherein at least one of R5, R6 and R7 is CHNR⁸R⁹, and R⁸ and R⁹ are, independently, alkyl groups. In some embodiments, the alkyl groups of R⁴, R⁸, and/or R⁹ are methyl or ethyl groups. In some embodiments, the amine-containing catalysts may include tris-2,4,6-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, commercially available under the tradename ANCAMINE K54 from Evonik Corporation (Parsippany, N.J.), as the structural formula:

In some embodiments, the nitrogen-containing catalysts may include cyclic or bridged nitrogen containing compounds, including amidine compounds such as 1,5-diaza-bicyclo[4.3.0] non-5-ene (DBN) and 1,8-diaza-bicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), and also diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, Mo., US) with the structural formula:

In some embodiments, the catalysts may be present in the curable composition (or either or both of the first part and the second part) in an amount between 100 and 10,000 ppm or 200 and 5,000 ppm, based on the total weight or volume of any or all of the unfilled curable composition, the unfilled first part, or the unfilled second part. It was discovered that use of cyclic-type nitrogen containing catalysts (such as DABCO) can meaningfully reduce the cure time of the curable compositions of the present disclosure (e.g., by up to 6 times) relative to cure times using non-cyclic nitrogen containing catalysts (such as K54).

In some embodiments, basic catalysts may be present in the curable composition in an amount of at least 1 wt. %, at least 2 wt. %, or at least 3 wt. %; or between 1 and 20 wt. %, between 2 and 10 wt. %, or between 3 and 5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the unfilled curable composition. In some embodiments, the second part may include a basic catalyst. In some embodiments, basic catalysts may be present in the second part in an amount of at least 0.5 wt. %, at least 5 wt. %, or at least 7 wt. %; or between 0.5 and 30 wt. %, between 5 and 15 wt. %, or between 7 and 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the unfilled second part. In some embodiments, the second part may include a Lewis acid catalyst. In some embodiments, Lewis acid catalyst may be present in the curable composition in an amount of at least 1 wt. %, at least 2 wt. %, or at least 3 wt. %; or between 1 and 20 wt. %, between 2 and 10 wt. %, or between 3 and 5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the unfilled curable composition. In some embodiments, Lewis acid catalysts may be present in the second part in an amount of at least 0.5 wt. %, at least 5 wt. %, or at least 7 wt. %; or between 0.5 and 30 wt. %, between 5 and 15 wt. %, or between 7 and 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the unfilled second part.

In some embodiments, the curable compositions according to the present disclosure may include one or more dispersants. Generally, the dispersants may act to stabilize the inorganic filler particles in the composition—without dispersant, the particles may aggregate, thus adversely affecting the benefit of the particles in the composition. Suitable dispersants may depend on the specific identity and surface chemistry of filler. In some embodiments, suitable dispersants according to the present disclosure may include at least a binding group and a compatibilizing segment. The binding group may be ionically bonded to the particle surface. Examples of binding groups for alumina particles include phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid, and amine. The compatibilizing segment may be selected to be miscible with the curable matrix. For epoxy resin matrices, useful compatibilizing agents may include polyalkylene oxides, e.g., polypropylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, as well as polycaprolactones, and combinations thereof. Commercially available examples include BYK W-9010 (BYK Additives and Instruments), BYK W-9012 (BYK Additives and Instruments), Disberbyk 180 (BYK Additives and Instruments), and Solplus D510 (Lubrizol Corporation). In some embodiments, the dispersants may be present in the curable composition in an amount between 0.1 and 10 wt. %, 0.1 and 5 wt. %, 0.5 and 3 wt. %, or 0.5 and 2 wt. %, based on the total weight of the filled curable composition. In some embodiments, the dispersants may be present in the unfilled curable composition (or the first part or the second part) in an amount between 0.1 and 30 wt. %, 1 and 20 wt. %, 5 and 15 wt. %, or 7 and 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the total weight of the unfilled first part, the unfilled second part, or the unfilled curable compostions.

In some embodiments, the dispersant may be pre-mixed with the inorganic filler prior to incorporating into any or all of the first part, the second part, or the curable composition. Such pre-mixing may facilitate the filled systems behaving like Newtonian fluids or enable shear-thinning effects behavior.

In addition to the above discussed additives, further additives can be included in one or both of the first and second parts. For example, any or all of antioxidants/stabilizers, colorants, abrasive granules, thermal degradation stabilizers, light stabilizers, conductive particles, core-shell tougheners, tackifiers, flow agents, bodying agents, flatting agents, inert fillers, binders, blowing agents, fungicides, bactericides, surfactants, plasticizers, flame retardants, and other additives known to those skilled in the art. These additives, if present, are added in an amount effective for their intended purpose.

In some embodiments, upon curing, the curable compositions of the present disclosure may exhibit thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties that render the compositions particularly useful as thermally conductive gap fillers. For example, it is believed that that curable compositions of the present disclosure provide an optimal blend of tensile strength, elongation at break, and overlap shear strength (even after aging) for certain EV battery assembly applications.

In some embodiments, the cured compositions may have an elongation at break that ranges from 0.1 to 100%, 0.5 to 80%, 1 to 50%, or 8 to 15%, with the pulling rate between 0.8 and 1.5 mm/min for fully cured systems (for purposes of the present application, elongation at break values are as measured in accordance with ASTM D638-14, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics.”); or at least 1%, at least 3%, at least 7%, at least 10%, at least 15% with the pulling rate between 0.8 and 1.5 mm/min for fully cured systems.

In some embodiments, the cured compositions may have an overlap shear strength on a bare aluminum substrate ranging from 1-30 N/mm², 1-25 N/mm², 4-20 N/mm², 6-20 N/mm², 2-16 N/mm², or 3-8 N/mm², for fully cured systems (for purposes of the present application, overlap sheer strength values are as measured on untreated aluminum substrates (i.e., aluminum substrates having no surface treatments or coatings other than native oxide layers) according to the procedures of ASTM D1002-01, “Standard Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Tension Loading (Metal-to-Metal)).”

In some embodiments, the cured compositions may have a tensile strength ranging from 0.5-16 N/mm², 1-10 N/mm², or 2-8 N/mm², with the pulling rate between 0.8 and 1.5 mm/min for fully cured systems (for purposes of the present application, tensile strength values are as measured in accordance with ASTM D638-14, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics.”).

In some embodiments, the cured compositions may be hydrolytically stable. In this regard, the cured composistions may exhibit over 70% retention of overlap shear strength (measured as described above) after humidity testing according to PR 308.2 Test Method. Additionally, or alternatively, the cured composistions may exhibit less than 30% reduction in tensile strength (measured as described above) after humidity testing according to PR 308.2 Test Method.

In some embodiments, the compositions may have desirable cure rates. In this regard, the curable compositions of the present disclosure may, at room temperature, exhibit gelation times (time at which G′ (storage modulus) is equal to G″ (loss modulus)) of no more than 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, or 80 minutes, as determined in using an oscillating shear rheometer measurement at 100 rad/s angular frequency at 1% strain on a Discovery HR-3 Rheometer (TA Instruments, Wood Dale, Ill., US) equipped with a forced convection oven accessory.

In some embodiments, upon curing, the curable compositions of the present disclosure may have a thermal conductivity ranging from 1.0 to 5 W/(m*K), 1.0 to 2 W/(m*K), or 1.5 to 1.8 W/(m*k) (for purposes of the present application, thermal conductivity values are as determined by, first, measuring diffusivity according to ASTM E1461-13, “Standard Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity by the Flash Method” and, then, calculating thermal conductivity from the measured thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, and density measurements according the formula:

k=α·cp·ρ,

where k is the thermal conductivity in W/(m K), α is the thermal diffusivity in mm²/s, cp is the specific heat capacity in J/K-g, and ρ is the density in g/cm³. The sample thermal diffusivity can be measured using a Netzsch LFA 467 “HYPERFLASH” directly and relative to standard, respectively, according to ASTM E1461-13. Sample density can be measured using geometric methods, while the specific heat capacity can measured using Differential Scanning calorimetry.)

In some embodiments, within 10 minutes of mixing of the first part and the second part, the viscosity of curable/partially cured composition measured at room temperature may range from 100 to 50000 poise, and at 60° C. may range from 100 to 50000 poise. Further regarding viscosity, the viscosity of the epoxy composition (prior to mixing) measured at room temperature may range from 100 to 100000 poise, and at 60° C. may range from 10 to 10000 poise; and the viscosity of the thiol composition (prior to mixing) measured at room temperature may range from 100 to 100000 poise, and at 60° C. may range from 10 to 10000 poise (for purposes of the present application, viscosity values are as measured using a 25 mm parallel-plate geometry at 1% strain on a ARES Rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, Del., USA) equipped with a forced convection oven accessory, at angular frequencies ranging from 10-500 rad/s.)

The present disclosure is further directed to methods of making the above-described curable compositions. In some embodiments, the curable compositions of the present disclosure may be prepared by, first, mixing the components of the first part (including any additives) and, separately, mixing the components of the second part (including any additives). The components of both the first and second parts may be mixed using any conventional mixing technique, including by use of a speed mixer. In embodiments in which dispersants are employed, the dispersant may be pre-mixed with the inorganic filler prior to incorporating into the composition. Next, the first and second parts may be mixed together using any conventional mixing technique to form the curable composition.

In some embodiments, the curable compositions of the present disclosure may be capable of curing without the use of catalyst or other cure agents. Generally, the curable compositions may cure at typical application conditions, e.g., at room temperature without the need for elevated temperatures or actinic radiation (e.g., ultraviolet light). In some embodiments, the first curable compositions cure at no greater than room temperature.

In some embodiments, the curable compositions of the present disclosure may be provided as a two-part composition. Generally, the two components of a two-part composition may be mixed prior to being applied to the substrates to be bonded. After mixing, the two-part composition may reach a desired handling strength, and ultimately achieve a desired final strength. Applying the curable composition can be carried out, for example, by dispensing the curable composition from a dispenser comprising a first chamber, a second chamber, and a mixing tip, wherein the first chamber comprises the first part, wherein the second chamber comprises the second part, and wherein the first and second chambers are coupled to the mixing tip to allow the first part and the second part to flow through the mixing tip.

The curable compositions of the present disclosure may be useful for coatings, shaped articles, adhesives (including structural and semi-structural adhesives), magnetic media, filled or reinforced composites, caulking and sealing compounds, casting and molding compounds, potting and encapsulating compounds, impregnating and coating compounds, conductive adhesives for electronics, protective coatings for electronics, as primers or adhesion-promoting layers, and other applications that are known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an article comprising a substrate, having a cured coating of the curable composition thereon.

In some embodiments, the curable composition may function as a structural adhesive, i.e. the curable composition is capable of bonding a first substrate to a second substrate, after curing. Generally, the bond strength (e.g. peel strength, overlap shear strength, or impact strength) of a structural adhesive continues to build well after the initial cure time. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an article comprising a first substrate, a second substrate and a cured composition disposed between and adhering the first substrate to the second substrate, wherein the cured composition is the reaction product of the curable composition according to any one of the curable compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the first and/or second substrate may be at least one of a metal, a ceramic and a polymer, e.g. a thermoplastic.

The curable compositions may be coated onto substrates at useful thicknesses ranging from 5 microns to 10000 microns, 25 micrometers to 10000 micrometers, 100 micrometers to 5000 micrometers, or 250 micrometers to 1000 micrometers. Useful substrates can be of any nature and composition, and can be inorganic or organic. Representative examples of useful substrates include ceramics, siliceous substrates including glass, metal (e.g., aluminum or steel), natural and man-made stone, woven and nonwoven articles, polymeric materials, including thermoplastic and thermosets, (such as polymethyl (meth)acrylate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, styrene copolymers, such as styrene acrylonitrile copolymers, polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate), silicones, paints (such as those based on acrylic resins), powder coatings (such as polyurethane or hybrid powder coatings), and wood; and composites of the foregoing materials.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a coated article comprising a metal substrate comprising a coating of the uncured, partially cured or fully cured curable composition on at least one surface thereof. If the substrate has two major surfaces, the coating can be coated on one or both major surfaces of the metal substrate and can comprise additional layers, such as bonding, tying, protective, and topcoat layers. The metal substrate can be, for example, at least one of the inner and outer surfaces of a pipe, vessel, conduit, rod, profile shaped article, sheet or tube.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure is further directed to a battery module that includes the uncured, partially cured or fully cured curable compositions of the present disclosure. Components of a representative battery module during assembly are shown in FIG. 1, and an assembled battery module is shown in FIG. 2. Battery module 50 may be formed by positioning a plurality of battery cells 10 on first base plate 20. Generally, any known battery cell may be used including, e.g., hard case prismatic cells or pouch cells. The number, dimensions, and positions of the cells associated with a particular battery module may be adjusted to meet specific design and performance requirements. The constructions and designs of the base plate are well-known, and any base plate (typically metal base plates made of aluminum or steel) suitable for the intended application may be used.

Battery cells 10 may be connected to first base plate 20 through first layer 30 of a first curable composition according to any of the embodiments of the present disclosure. First layer 30 of the curable composition may provide first level thermal management where the battery cells are assembled in a battery module. As a voltage difference (e.g., a voltage difference of up to 2.3 Volts) is possible between the battery cells and the first base plate, breakthrough voltage may be an important safety feature for this layer. Therefore, in some embodiments, electrically insulating fillers like ceramics (typically alumina and boron nitride) may be preferred for use in the curable compositions.

In some embodiments, layer 30 may comprise a discrete pattern of the first curable composition applied to first surface 22 of first base plate 20, as shown in FIG. 1. For example, a pattern of the material to the desired lay-out of the battery cells may be applied, e.g., robotically applied, to the surface of the base plate. In some embodiments, the first layer may be formed as a coating of the first curable composition covering all or substantially all of the first surface of the first base plate. In alternative embodiments, the first layer may be formed by applying the curable composition directly to the battery cells and then mounting them to the first surface of the first base plate.

In some embodiments, the curable composition may need to accommodate dimensional variations of up to 2 mm, up to 4 mm, or even more. Therefore, in some embodiments, the first layer of the first curable composition may be at least 0.05 mm thick, e.g., at least 0.1 mm, or even at least 0.5 mm thick. Higher breakthrough voltages may require thicker layers depending on the electrical properties of the material, e.g., in some embodiments, at least 1, at least 2, or even at least 3 mm thick. Generally, to maximize heat conduction through the curable composition and to minimize cost, the curable composition layer should be as thin as possible, while still ensure good contact with the heat sink. Therefore, in some embodiments, the first layer is no greater than 5 mm thick, e.g., no greater than 4 mm thick, or even no greater than 2 mm thick.

As the first curable composition cures, the battery cells are held more firmly in-place. When curing is complete, the battery cells are finally fixed in their desired position, as illustrated in FIG. 2. Additional elements, such as bands 40 may be used to secure the cells for transport and further handling.

Generally, it is desirable for the curable composition to cure at typical application conditions, e.g., without the need for elevated temperatures or actinic radiation (e.g., ultraviolet light). In some embodiments, the first curable composition cures at room temperature, or no greater than 30° C., e.g., no greater than 25° C., or even no greater than 20° C.

In some embodiments, the time to cure is no greater than 60 minutes, e.g., no greater than 40 minutes, or even no greater than 20 minutes. Although very rapid cure (e.g., less than 5 minutes or even less than 1 minute) may be suitable for some applications, in some embodiments, an open time of at least 5 minutes, e.g., at least 10 minutes, or even at least 15 minutes may be desirable to allow time for positioning and repositioning of the battery cells. Generally, it is desirable to achieve the desired cure times without the use of expensive catalysts such as platinum.

As shown in FIG. 3, a plurality of battery modules 50, such as those illustrated and described with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2, are assembled to form battery subunit 100. The number, dimensions, and positions of the modules associated with a particular battery subunit may be adjusted to meet specific design and performance requirements. The constructions and designs of the second base plate are well-known, and any base plate (typically metal base plates) suitable for the intended application may be used.

Individual battery modules 50 may be positioned on and connected to second base plate 120 through second layer 130 of a curable composition according to any of the embodiments of the present disclosure.

Second layer 130 of a second curable composition may be positioned between second surface 24 of first base plate 20 (see FIGS. 1 and 2) and first surface 122 of second base plate 120. The second curable composition may provide second level thermal management where the battery modules are assembled into battery subunits. At this level, breakthrough voltage may not be a requirement. Therefore, in some embodiments, electrically conductive fillers such as graphite and metallic fillers may be used or alone or in combinations with electrically insulating fillers like ceramics.

In some embodiments, the second layer 130 may be formed as coating of the second curable composition covering all or substantially all of first surface 122 of second base plate 120, as shown in FIG. 3. In some embodiments, the second layer may comprise a discrete pattern of the second curable composition applied to the surface of the second base plate. For example, a pattern of the material corresponding to the desired lay-out of the battery modules may be applied, e.g., robotically applied, to the surface of the second base plate. In alternative embodiments, the second layer may be formed by applying the second curable composition directly to second surface 24 of first base plate 20 (see FIGS. 1 and 2) and then mounting the modules to first surface 122 of second base plate 120.

The assembled battery subunits may be combined to form further structures. For example, as is known, battery modules may be combined with other elements such as battery control units to form a battery system, e.g., battery systems used in electric vehicles. In some embodiments, additional layers of curable compositions according to the present disclosure may be used in the assembly of such battery systems. For example, in some embodiments, thermally conductive gap filler according to the present disclosure may be used to mount and help cool the battery control unit.

Listing of Embodiments

1. A curable composition comprising:

a first part comprising an epoxy resin; and

a second part comprising a multifunctional, functional thiol containing compound; and

an inorganic filler present in an amount of at least 20 weight %, based on the total weight of the curable composition

wherein the multifunctional, functional thiol containing compound comprises an ether in the backbone thereof.

2. The curable composition of embodiment 1, wherein one or more of the functional thiols are terminal thiols. 3. The curable composition of embodiment 1, wherein the multifunctional, functional thiol containing compound is represented by the following formula:

where R is an aliphatic hydrocarbon, n is 0 to 20, and m is 2 to 4. 4. The curable composition of embodiment 1, wherein the multifunctional, functional thiol containing compound is represented by one of the following formulas:

where each of R1, R2 and R3 is, independently, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or hydrogen, and n is 0 to 20. 5. The curable composition of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the epoxy resin comprises an internally flexible bisphenol epoxy resin. 6. The curable composition of embodiment 5, wherein the internally flexible bisphenol epoxy resin is represented by the following formula:

where Ar is bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol Z, or a mixture thereof. 7. The curable composition of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the epoxy resin comprises a phosphonic acid group in the backbone thereof. 8. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, further comprising a silane coupling agent. 9. The curable composition according to embodiment 8, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises an amine terminated silane coupling agent. 10. The curable composition according to embodiment 8, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises a mercaptan terminated silane coupling agent. 11. The curable composition according to embodiment 8, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises an epoxy terminated silane coupling agent. 12. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, further comprising a catalyst. 13. The curable composition according to embodiment 12, wherein the catalyst comprises a basic catalyst. 14. The curable composition according to embodiment 13, wherein the basic catalyst is represented by one of the following formulas:

15. The curable composition according to embodiment 12, wherein the catalyst comprises a Lewis acid catalyst. 16. The curable composition according to embodiment 15, wherein the Lewis acid catalyst comprises calcium triflate, calcium nitrate, or a tin catalyst. 17. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, wherein epoxy resin is present in the curable composition in an amount of at least 20 wt. %, based on the total weight of the unfilled curable composition. 18. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, wherein multifunctional, functional thiol containing compounds are present in the curable composition in an amount of at least 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the unfilled curable composition. 19. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the curable composition has, upon curing, (i) an elongation at break of greater than 5.5%, and (ii) an overlap shear strength, on untreated aluminum, of 5-20 N/mm². 20. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the curable composition has, upon curing, a tensile strength of 1 to 16 N/mm2. 21. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the curable composition, upon curing, retains at least 70% of overlap shear strength after humidity testing according to PR 308.2 Test Method. 22. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the curable composition, upon curing, exhibits a less than 30% reduction in tensile strength after humidity testing according to PR 308.2 Test Method. 23. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the curable composition exhibits a gelation time, at room temperature, of no more than 60 minutes, as determined with an oscillating shear rheometer measurement at 100 rad/s angular frequency at 1% strain on a Discovery HR-3 Rheometer (TA Instruments, Wood Dale, Ill., US) equipped with a forced convection oven accessory. 24. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the curable composition has, upon curing, a thermal conductivity of at least 1.0 W/(m*K). 25. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the inorganic filler present in an amount of at least 20 wt. %, based on the total weight of the curable composition. 26. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the inorganic filler present in an amount of at least 50 wt. %, based on the total weight of the curable composition. 27. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the inorganic filler comprises alumina. 28. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the inorganic filler comprises spherical alumina particles and semispherical alumina particles. 29. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the inorganic filer comprises silane surface-treated particles. 30. The curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the inorganic filler comprises ATH. 31. An article comprising a cured composition, wherein the cured composition is the reaction product of the curable composition according to any one of the previous embodiments. 32. The article of embodiment 31, wherein the cured composition has a thickness between from 5 microns to 10000 microns. 33. The article of any one of embodiments 31-32, further comprising a substrate having a surface, wherein the cured composition is disposed on the surface of the substrate. 34. The article of embodiment 33, wherein the substrate is a metal substrate. 35. An article comprising a first substrate, a second substrate and a cured composition disposed between and adhering the first substrate to the second substrate, wherein the cured composition is the reaction product of the curable composition according to any one of embodiments 1-30. 36. A battery module comprising a plurality of battery cells connected to a first base plate by a first layer of the reaction product of the curable composition according to any one of embodiments 1-30. 37. A method of making a battery module comprising: applying a first layer of a curable composition according to any one of embodiments 1-30 to a first surface of a first base plate, attaching a plurality of battery cells to the first layer to connect the battery cells to the first base plate, and curing the curable composition.

EXAMPLES

Objects and advantages of this disclosure are further illustrated by the following comparative and illustrative examples. Unless otherwise noted, all parts, percentages, ratios, etc. in the examples and the rest of the specification are by weight, and all reagents used in the examples were obtained, or are available, from general chemical suppliers such as, for example, Sigma-Aldrich Corp., Saint Louis, Mo., US unless otherwise specified.

Sample Preparation

Table 1 summarizes materials used in the examples.

TABLE 1 Materials List Product Name Function/Description Source THIOCURE Trimethylolpropane Tri(3- BRUNO BOCK, TMPMP mercaptopropionate) Ester Thiol Marschacht, Germany GABEPRO Low Odor Multifunctional Ether Thiol GABRIEL Chemicals, GPM-800 LO Akron, OH, US ARALDITE Bisphenol-A Type Epoxy Resin Huntsman, The PY-4122 Woodlands, TX, US EPON 828 Difunctional Bisphenol A/Epichlorohydrin Hexion, Columbus, OH, Epoxy Resin US EP-49-10N Epoxy Resin ADEKA, Tokyo Japan MOLDX A110 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Thermally HUBER Engineered Conductive Filler Materials, Atlanta, GA, US BAK-70 Spherical Alumina Thermally Conductive BESTRY Performance Filler: 70 μm average particle size Materials, Shanghai, China BAK-40 Spherical Alumina Thermally Conductive BESTRY Performance Filler: 40 μm average particle size Materials, Shanghai, China MARTOXID Aluminum Oxide Thermally Conductive HUBER Engineered TM-1250 Filler Materials, Atlanta, GA, US MARTOXID Aluminum Oxide Thermally Conductive HUBER Engineered TM-2250 Filler Materials, Atlanta, GA, US DBU 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, Catalyst MA, US K54 Tris-2,4,6-dimethylaminomethyl Phenol Sigma Aldrich Sigma- Catalyst Aldrich Corp., Saint Louis, MO, US DABCO 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Amine Sigma Aldrich Sigma- Catalyst Aldrich Corp., Saint Louis, MO, US DBTDL Diburtyltindilaurate Sigma Aldrich Sigma- Catalyst Aldrich Corp., Saint Louis, MO, US Calcium triflate Catalyst GFS Chemicals, Columbus, OH PRIAMINE Dimer Diamine CRODA, Chino Hills, 1074 CA, US XIAMETER Silane Coupling Agent Additive DOW Chemical, OFS-6040 Midland, MI, US Silane DYNASYLAN Silane Coupling Agent Additive EVONIK Industries, 1189 Essen, Germany SILQUEST A- Silane Coupling Agent Additive Momentive, Columbus, 189 OH, US CAB-O-SIL Fumed Silica Thixotropic Additive CABOT, Boston, MA, TS-720 US AEROSIL R202 Fumed Silica Thixotropic Additive EVONIK Industries, Essen, Germany SOLPLUS Dispersing Additive LUBRIZOL, Wickliffe, D510 OH, US DISPERBYK Dispersing Additive BYK-Chemie, Wesel, 145 Germany

Detailed formulations for Comparative Example CE1 and Examples 1 to 13 are listed in Tables 2 and 3.

To prepare the samples, Parts A and B were mixed individually as follows. First, the organic components were combined and mixed by hand. The thixotropic additive was then added, followed by hand mixing. A speed mixer (SPEEDMIXER DAC 400, FlackTek, Inc., Landrum, S.C., US) was then used at 1500 rpm for 2 min to thoroughly mix the materials. The remaining filler materials were combined and added to the formulation in 2 portions. The addition of each portion was followed by mixing in the DAC 400 mixer at 2000 RPM for 2 min. In a final step the materials were mixed in the in DAC 400 mixer for 15 seconds at atmospheric pressure at 1500 RPM, then for two minutes at 30 Torr and 2000 RPM, and then a final 15 seconds at 1500 RPM as the pressure returned to atmospheric pressure.

Part A and Part B were mixed based on the stoichiometric ratios of the functional groups: moles of thiol groups in Part A and combined moles of epoxide groups in Part B. A pneumatic dispensing system with a static mixing nozzle was used to mix Part A and Part B in the ratios listed in Tables 2 and 3.

TABLE 2 Composition of Examples CE-1 Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 wt % wt % wt % wt % wt % Part A THIOCURE TMPMP 19.3 — — — — GABEPRO GPM-800 — 16.5 25.7 21.3 21.3 LO DBU 1.9 — — — — K54 — 1.7 2.6 2.1 2.1 MOLDX A110 77.2 — — — — BAK-70 — — — — — BAK-40 — 24.1 20.9 21.4 21.4 MARTOXID TM-1250 — 56.2 48.8 50.0 — MARTOXID TM-2250 — — — — 50.0 SOLPLUS D510 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 DISPERBYK 145 — — — — — CAB-0-SIL TS-720 — — 0.70 0.71 0.71 Part B ARALDITE PY-4122 15.3 5.1 4.5 3.9 3.9 EPON 828 3.8 7.7 6.7 5.8 5.8 EP-49-10N — — — — — XIAMETER OFS- 0.6 0.4 0.3 2.9 2.9 6040 MOLDX A110 78.7 — — — — BAK-70 — — — — — BAK-40 — 25.4 25.8 25.4 25.4 MARTOXID TM-1250 — 59.3 60.2 59.4 — MARTOXID TM-2250 — — — — 59.4 SOLPLUS D510 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 DISPERBYK 145 — — — — — CAB-O-SIL TS-720 — 0.42 0.86 0.85 0.85 AEROSIL R202 — — — — — Part A: Part B 1:2.28 1:1 1:2 1:2 1:2 (vol:vol) Total filler (wt %) 78.30 82.06 82.10 81.6 81.6

TABLE 3 Composition of Examples Ex. 5 Ex. 6 Ex. 7 Ex. 8 Ex. 9 Ex. 10 Ex. 11 Ex. 12 Ex. 13 Part A wt % wt % wt % wt % wt % wt % wt % wt % wt % GABEPRO 21.3 14.5 21.7 13.9 21.26 20.71 25.90 22.1 21.3 GPM-800 LO PRIAMINE — — — 6.0 — — — — — 1074 SILQUEST 3.0 — 3.0 3.0 2.93 2.85 2.80 — — A189 Dynasylan — 3.2 — — — — — — 3.0 1189 K54 2.1 1.5 2.2 2.4 — — — — 2.1 DABCO — — — — 2.50 5.0 2.60 2.2 — DBTDL — — — — — — — — — MOLDX — — — — — — — — — A110 BAK-70 — — — — — — — — — BAK-40 21.4 23.8 21.3 21.8 21.35 20.81 20.00 22.2 — MARTOXID 50.0 55.4 49.7 50.8 49.82 48.55 46.70 51.7 71.4 TM-2250 SOLPLUS 1.4 — 1.4 1.5 — — 1.30 — — D510 DISPERBYK — 1.6 — — 1.46 1.43 — 1.5 1.43 145 CAB-O-SIL 0.7 — 0.7 0.7 0.68 0.67 0.7 0.4 0.7 TS-720 Part B wt % wt % wt % wt % wt % wt % wt % wt % wt % ARALDITE 3.9 2.9 3.5 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.7 6.5 3.9 PY-4122 EPON 828 5.9 11.4 5.3 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.5 9.7 5.9 EP-49-10N — — 0.88 0.97 — — 1.97 3.46 — XIAMETER 2.92 4.28 2.65 2.92 2.92 2.92 2.76 4.84 2.92 OFS-6040 MOLDX — — — — — — — 73.4 — A110 BAK-70 — — — — — — — — — BAK-40 25.4 23.7 25.5 25.2 25.4 25.4 25.1 — — MARTOXID 59.4 55.4 59.6 58.7 59.4 59.4 58.5 — 84.8 TM-2250 SOLPLUS — — — — — — — — — D510 DISPERBYK 1.70 1.58 1.70 1.68 1.70 1.70 1.67 1.47 1.70 145 CAB-O-SIL 0.85 0.79 0.85 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.73 0.85 TS-720 Part A: Part 1:2 1:1 1:2 1:2 1:2 1:2 1:2 1:1 1:2 B (vol:vol) Total filler 81.6 79.5 81.7 81.1 82.1 79.4 79.5 74.0 81.6 (wt %)

Test Procedures Overlap Shear Adhesion (OLS)

Two 1 inch (2.54 centimeters (cm)) wide>4 inch (10 cm) long×0.125 inch (0.32 cm) thick aluminum coupons were cleaned using methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and otherwise left untreated. At the tip of one coupon, a 1 inch by 0.5 inch (2.54 cm×1.27 cm) rectangle was covered by the mixed thiol/epoxy paste and then laminated with another coupon in the opposite tip direction to give about 10 to 30 mils (0.25 to 0.76 millimeters (mm)) of paste between the aluminum coupons, which was clamped by a binder clip. The laminated aluminum coupons were then cured at room temperature for more than two days to give complete curing prior to overlap shear testing.

OLS tests were conducted on an INSTRON Universal Testing Machine model 1122 (INSTRON Corporation, Norwood, Mass., USA) according to the procedures of ASTM D1002-01, “Standard Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Tension Loading (Metal-to-Metal).” The crosshead speed was 0.05 inch/minute (1.27 mm/minute).

Tensile Properties

For tensile strength tests, dog bone-shaped samples were made in accordance with ASTM D1708-13, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics by Use of Microtensile Specimens” by pressing the mixed paste into a dog bone-shaped silicone rubber mold, which was then laminated with release liner on both sides. The dog bone shape gives a sample with a length of about 0.6 inch (1.5 cm) in the center straight area, a width of about 0.2 inch (0.5 cm) in the narrowest area, and a thickness of about 0.06 to about 0.1 inch (about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 cm). Samples were then cured at room temperature for 24 hours, 100° C. for 1 hour, or 120° C. for 1 hour to be fully cured prior to tensile testing. The sample was then conditioned at room temperature for 30 minutes prior to tensile testing.

Tensile strength tests were conducted on an INSTRON Universal Testing Machine model 1122 (INSTRON Corporation, Norwood, Mass., US) according to ASTM D638-14, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics.” The crosshead speed was 0.04 inch/minute (1 mm/minute). The modulus was calculated from the slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain curve.

Thermal Conductivity

For thermal conductivity measurements, disk-shaped samples were made by pressing the mixed paste into a disk-shaped silicone rubber mold which was then laminated with release liner on both sides. The disk shape gives samples with a diameter of 12.6 mm and a thickness of 2.2 mm. The sample was then cured at room temperature for 24 hours, room temperature for 15 hours, or 100° C. for 1 hour to give complete curing.

Specific heat capacity, C_(p), was measured using a Q2000 Differential Scanning calorimeter (TA Instruments, Eden Prairie, Minn., US) with sapphire as a method standard.

Sample density was determined using a geometric method. The weight (m) of a disk-shaped sample was measured using a standard laboratory balance, the diameter (d) of the disk was measured using calipers, and the thickness (h) of the disk was measured using a Mitatoyo micrometer. The density, ρ, was calculated by ρ=m/(π·h·(d/2)²).

Thermal diffusivity, α(T), was measured using an LFA 467 HYPERFLASH Light Flash Apparatus (Netzsch Instruments, Burlington, Mass., US) according to ASTM E1461-13, “Standard Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity by the Flash Method.”

Thermal conductivity, k, was calculated from thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, and density measurements according the formula: k=α·C_(p)·ρ where k is the thermal conductivity in W/(m K), α is the thermal diffusivity in mm²/s, C_(p) is the specific heat capacity in J/K-g, and ρ is the density in g/cm³.

Dielectric Breakdown Strength

Dielectric breakdown strength measurements were performed according to ASTM D149-09(2013), “Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies” using a Model 6TC4100-10/50-2/D149 Automated Dielectric Breakdown Test Set (Phenix Technologies, Accident, MD, US) that is specifically designed for testing DC breakdown from 3-100 kV and AC breakdown in the 1-50 kV, 60 Hz range. Each measurement was performed while the sample was immersed in FLUORINERT FC-40 fluid (3M Corporation, Saint Paul, Minn., US). The average breakdown strength was based on an average of measurements up to 10 or more samples. As is typical, a frequency of 60 Hz and a ramp rate of 500 volts per second was utilized for these tests.

Electrical Resistivity

Surface resistivity and volume resistivity were measured with a Model 6517A Electrometer (Keithley Instruments, Cleveland, Ohio, US) with 100 femtoAmp resolution and an applied voltage of 500 Volts, according to the procedures in to ASTM D257-14, “Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials.” A Keithley Model 8009 Resistivity test fixture was used with compressible conductive rubber electrodes and 1 lb electrode force over approximately 2.5 inches of electrode and sample. The samples were approximately 18 mils thick. The corresponding detection threshold for surface resistivity is approximately 1017 ohms. Each sample was measured once, and an electrification time of 60 seconds was employed. A high resistance sample PTFE, a low resistance sample (bulk loaded carbon in Kapton), and a moderate resistance sample (paper) were used as material reference standards.

Climate Aging Test

Climate aging and hydrolytic stability cycling was performed according to the BMW SAE PR308.2, “Climatic Test for Bonded Joints” standard. At least 5 test specimens were tested, which were pre-cured for at least 24 hours at room temperature. A single test cycle included 7 steps: Step 1: start at 23° C. at 20% relative humidity (RH); Step 2: ramp up to 90° C. and 80% RH in 1 hour; Step 3: Stay at 90° C. and 80% RH for 4 hours; Step 4: cool and dehumidify the system to 23° C. and 20% RH; Step 5: Cool the system to −30° C. in 1 hour; Step 6: Stay at −30° C. for 4 hours; Step 7: Heat the system to 23° C. and 20% RH in 1 hour. 20 cycles were required to complete the aging test. Physical properties of the cured compositions were measured before and after PR308.2 cycling.

Rheology

Storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) were measured using a 25 mm parallel-plate geometry at 1% strain on a Discovery HR-3 Rheometer (TA Instruments, Wood Dale, Ill., US) equipped with a forced convection oven accessory, using oscillating mode at angular frequencies of 100 rad/s at 25° C. for time study. “Open time” of the compositions was defined as the time at which G′=0.3 MPa, and the “gelation time” was defined as the time at which G′=G″. Viscosity was measured using a 25 mm parallel-plate geometry on an Discovery HR-3 Rheometer (TA Instruments, Wood Dale, Ill., US) equipped with a forced convection oven accessory, using steady flow mode with shear rate sweep from 0.001 1/s to 100 1/s at 25° C.

Results

Table 4 summarizes the viscosity of Parts A and B of Example 5 (with 81.6 wt % filler) at 25° C. and 35° C., at shear rates of 1 sec⁻¹ and 4 sec⁻¹. Thixotropic/shear thinning behavior was observed for both Part A and Part B.

TABLE 4 Viscosity (cps) of Parts A and B of Example 5 25° C. 35° C. 1 sec⁻¹ 4 sec⁻¹ 1 sec⁻¹ 4 sec⁻¹ Part A 384,357 142,063 304,211 101,607 Part B 389,515 167,615  98,307  46,257

Table 5 summarizes the physical properties of compositions fully cured at room temperature (RT), typically more than two days, and then aged under high temperature and humidity for 20 cycles using the PR308.2 standard conditions described above. CE1 showed an increase in elongation at break and a decrease in tensile strength after aging under PR308.2 test conditions; this is attributed to bond dissociation after exposure to temperature and humidity cycling. After temperature and humidity cycling, samples that retain a high degree of their initial tensile strength and OLS, and that exhibit little to no change in elongation at break after aging are interpreted herein as having good hydrolytic stability.

TABLE 5 Hydrolytic Stability after High Humidity Thermal Cycling Conditions CE1 Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 12 OLS on bare RT full cure 4.2 4.9 6.8 6.1 6.4 5.0 aluminum PR308.2 for 1.5 3.6 1.2 3.5 6.5 2.2 (MPa) 20 cycles Tensile RT full cure 3.6 4.5 5.7 6.9 6.9 4.6 Strength PR308.2 for 0.99 3.7 6.1 8.9 8.3 3.3 (MPa) 20 cycles Modulus RT full cure 31.6 51 71 101 101 24.5 (MPa) PR308.2 for 22.3 30 42 126 126 24.9 20 cycles Elongation RT full cure 14.9 16 13.6 11.2 11.2 20.6 at break (%) PR308.2 for 59.6 14 13 10.5 10 20.6 20 cycles

Tables 6 and 7 summarize the physical properties of compositions fully cured at room temperature (RT), typically more than two days, and then aged either under high temperature and humidity for 20 cycles using the PR308.2 standard conditions described above, or at 40° C. and 95% relative humidity (RH) for 10 days. Table 6 lists the measured data. Table 7 lists the percentage of each property that was retained after aging, relative to the value of the property directly after curing.

TABLE 6 Hydrolytic Stability Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Conditions 5 6 7 8 9 11 13 OLS on RT curing 6.2 9.3 5.7 7.3 5.8 7.8 5.8 bare PR308.2 for 5.7 6.8 6.4 7.7 6.0 6.5 6.3 aluminum 20 cycles (MPa) 40° C./95% 2.1 6.0 4.4 5.7 3.6 5.2 4.6 RH for 10 days Tensile RT curing 5.6 4 5.4 8.8 5.6 5.9 7.3 Strength PR308.2 for 10.8 9.4 10.8 9.3 10.2 10.8 14.2 (MPa) 20 cycles 40° C./95% 4.0 5.4 4.1 5.0 8.2 11.8 7.3 RH for 10 days Modulus RT curing 97 102 75 174 143 97 95 (MPa) PR308.2 for 150 139 136 187 221 115 219 20 cycles 40° C./95% 78 70 63 106 163 107 134 RH for 10 days Elongation RT curing 10.7 16.4 11.9 9.0 9.5 12.5 10.3 at break PR308.2 for 10.1 9.6 11.1 8.9 7.2 12.4 8.3 (%) 20 cycles 40° C./95% 7.8 10.8 10.1 10.2 8.1 14.0 8.4 RH for 10 days

TABLE 7 Hydrolytic Stability Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Conditions 5 6 7 8 9 11 13 OLS on PR308.2 91.9 73.1 112.3 105.5 103.4 83.3 108.6 bare for 20 aluminum cycles −% 40° C./ 33.9 64.5 77.2 78.1 62.1 66.7 79.3 Retained 95% RH for 10 days Tensile PR308.2 192.9 235.0 200.0 105.7 182.1 183.1 194.5 Strength for 20 −% cycles Retained 40° C./ 71.4 135.0 75.9 56.8 146.4 200.0 100.0 95% RH for 10 days Modulus PR308.2 154.6 136.3 181.3 107.5 154.5 118.6 230.5 −% for 20 Retained cycles 40° C./ 80.4 68.6 84.0 60.9 114.0 110.3 141.1 95% RH for 10 days Elongation PR308.2 94.4 58.5 93.3 98.9 75.8 99.2 80.6 at break for 20 −% cycles Retained 40° C./ 72.9 65.9 84.9 113.3 85.3 112.0 81.6 95% RH for 10 days

Table 8 summarizes the open time and gelation time for several illustrative compositions.

TABLE 8 Open Time and Gelation Time Open Time Gelation (min) Time (min) Ex. 1 32.7 37.2 Ex. 2 19.6 23.9 Ex. 5 56.0 60.8 Ex. 7 49.6 55.0 Ex. 8 65.1 71.6 Ex. 9 8.2 8.9 Ex. 10 3.9 4.3 Ex. 11 7.8 8.4

Table 9 summarizes the thermal properties of several illustrative compositions after full cure at room temperature for 2 days.

TABLE 9 Thermal Properties Thermal Heat Thermal diffusivity Capacity Density Conductivity (mm²/s) (J/K/g) (g/cm³) (W/mK) Ex. 1 0.67 0.97 2.82 1.83 Ex. 2 0.63 0.95 2.82 1.70 Ex. 5 0.70 0.95 2.67 1.77 Ex. 6 0.54 1.08 2.64 1.54 Ex. 7 0.70 0.96 2.67 1.78 Ex. 8 0.75 0.95 2.68 1.91 Ex. 9 0.69 1.03 2.67 1.92 Ex. 11 0.75 1.03 2.60 2.01

Table 10 summarizes the electrical properties of several illustrative compositions after full cure at room temperature for 2 days.

TABLE 10 Dielectric Breakdown Strength and Resistivity Breakdown Surface Volume Strength Resistivity Resistivity (kV/mm) (Ohm-cm) (Ohm-cm) Ex. 1 19.4 1.3 × 10¹² 5.1 × 10⁹ Ex. 2 25.8 1.9 × 10¹³ 6.3 × 10¹⁹ Ex. 5 17.0 6.8 × 10¹² 1.3 × 10¹¹ Ex. 7 36.2 2.5 × 10¹⁴ 6.3 × 10¹¹ Ex. 8 32.9 9.6 × 10¹⁴ 3.3 × 10¹² Ex. 9 36.3 2.7 × 10¹⁴ 4.7 × 10¹² Ex. 13 19.0 3.1 × 10¹⁴ 1.3 × 10¹²

Various modifications and alterations to this disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this disclosure. It should be understood that this disclosure is not intended to be unduly limited by the illustrative embodiments and examples set forth herein and that such examples and embodiments are presented by way of example only with the scope of the disclosure intended to be limited only by the claims set forth herein as follows. All references cited in this disclosure are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 

1. A curable composition comprising: a first part comprising an epoxy resin; and a second part comprising a multifunctional, functional thiol containing compound; and an inorganic filler present in an amount of at least 20 weight %, based on the total weight of the curable composition wherein the multifunctional, functional thiol containing compound comprises an ether in the backbone thereof.
 2. (canceled)
 3. (canceled)
 4. (canceled)
 5. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the epoxy resin comprises an internally flexible bisphenol epoxy resin.
 6. The curable composition of claim 5, wherein the internally flexible bisphenol epoxy resin is represented by the following formula:

where Ar is bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol Z, or a mixture thereof.
 7. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the epoxy resin comprises a phosphonic acid group in the backbone thereof.
 8. (canceled)
 9. The curable composition according to claim 1, further comprising a silane coupling agent, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises an amine terminated silane coupling agent.
 10. The curable composition according to claim 1, further comprising a silane coupling agent, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises a mercaptan terminated silane coupling agent.
 11. The curable composition according to claim 1, further comprising a silane coupling agent, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises an epoxy terminated silane coupling agent.
 12. The curable composition according to claim 1, further comprising a catalyst.
 13. The curable composition according to claim 12, wherein the catalyst comprises a basic catalyst.
 14. The curable composition according to claim 13, wherein the basic catalyst is represented by one of the following formulas:


15. The curable composition according to claim 12, wherein the catalyst comprises a Lewis acid catalyst.
 16. The curable composition according to claim 15, wherein the Lewis acid catalyst comprises calcium triflate, calcium nitrate, or a tin catalyst. 17.-25. (canceled)
 26. The curable composition according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic filler present in an amount of at least 50 wt. %, based on the total weight of the curable composition.
 27. (canceled)
 28. The curable composition according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic filler comprises spherical alumina particles and semispherical alumina particles.
 29. The curable composition according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic filer comprises silane surface-treated particles.
 30. The curable composition according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic filler comprises ATH.
 31. (canceled)
 32. The article of claim 31, wherein the cured composition has a thickness between from 5 microns to 10000 microns.
 33. (canceled)
 34. The article of claim 33, wherein the substrate is a metal substrate.
 35. (canceled)
 36. A battery module comprising a plurality of battery cells connected to a first base plate by a first layer of the reaction product of the curable composition according to claim
 1. 37. A method of making a battery module comprising: applying a first layer of a curable composition according to claim 1 to a first surface of a first base plate, attaching a plurality of battery cells to the first layer to connect the battery cells to the first base plate, and curing the curable composition. 